Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling (natural petroleum springs are rare). This comes after the studies of structural geology.
A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces.
Fat is one of the three main macronutrients: fat, carbohydrate, and protein. Fats are a wide group of compounds whose basis is in long-chain organic acids, called fatty acids. More particularly fats are esters of such organic acids formed with the alcohol glycerol.
Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical action, leaving a surface with a significant specular reflection.
Glass is an amorphous solid (non-crystalline) material that exhibits a glass transition, which is the reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semi crystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle state into a molten or plastic state.
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous (e.g., a glass). An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (no mixable or unbendable).
Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
According to the manner in which their nitrogen is combined with other elements, the nitrogenous fertilizers are divided into four groups; nitrate, ammonia, and ammonium salts, chemical compounds containing nitrogen in the amide form, and plant and animal by-products.
The global market for lubricants is expected to reach USD 70.32 billion by 2020; according to a new study by Grand View Research. Global lubricant demand was 371.17 million tons in 2013 and is expected to reach 44.22 million tons by 2020, growing at a CAGR of 2.51% from 2014 to 2020. India will become the largest single source of global oil demand growth after 2020. The Shoe Polish Market in India is worth around Rs 110 crores, out of which the kirana stores are worth around 80 crores. Flat glass market stands at @ 5473 TPD; Container glass is at 9305 TPD and Other glass @ 1,500 TPD. Global demand for emulsion polymers is forecast to rise 5.1 percent per year to 13.3 million metric tons (dry basis) in 2016. The $26.1 billion world emulsion polymer industry. It presents historical demand data for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011, and forecasts for 2016 and 2021 by market, polymer, and world region and for 15 major countries. The Leather Industry holds a prominent place in the Indian economy. With an annual turnover of over US$ 7.5 billion, the export of leather and leather products increased manifold over the past decades and touched US$ 4.86 billion . India is the second largest producer of footwear and leather garments in the world, India accounts for a share of close to 3% in the global leather import trade of US$ 137.96 billion.
Further information:
Selected Formulary Book on Petroleum, Lubricants, Fats, Polishes, Glass, Ceramics, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, Emulsions, Leather and Insecticides describes the detailed information on subject. The major contents of this book are-lubricants, oils, fats, polishes and abrasives, petroleum refinery processes, nitrogenous fertilizers, ammonium phosphates and ammonium polyphosphates, chemistry and processing of urea and urea form, manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, insecticides, fungicides and weed killers etc.
In order to get “Selected Formulary Book on Petroleum, Lubricants, Fats, Polishes, Glass, Ceramics, Nitrogenous Fertilizers, Emulsions, Leather and Insecticides” please visit-http://www.niir.org/books/book/selected-formulary-book-on-petroleum-lubricants-fats-polishes-glass-ceramics-nitrogenous-fertilizers-emulsions-leather-insecticides/isbn-9788190568562/zb,,14c,a,0,0,a/index.html
