Ginger Oil
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation from the dried ground rhizome of Zingiber officinatee Roscoe (Fam. Zingiberaceae), native to Asia.
It is a light yellow-to-yellow liquid, having the aromatic, characteristic odour of ginger. The plant is cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, India, China, Japan, Jamnien, Nigerian, Sierra Leone, Haiti, Formosa, and Australia.
The essential oil and oleoresin are used widely in the food industry, in compound oils for flavouring candy, baked products, liquors, condiments, sauces, and bouillon.
Ginger is available ground, cracked, or whole. As a flavouring it has a wide a range of uses. In China it is used for medical purposes.
India is the major producer of ginger (Z. officinale R.), producing as much as 50% of the total world production, estimated on a dry basis as 50,000 tonnes. Jamaica, Nigeria, Sierra. Leone and recently Japan and Australia are the other producing countries.
The word ginger is a widely diffused world, probably originally based on an Asian name.
Foreign names: Gingembre (Fr.), Ingwer (Ger.) Jenijbre (Sp.), Zenzero (lg.)
Fig. 63.1 Chromatogram of Ginger Oil
7. a-pinene, 10. camphene, 11. b-pinene, 14. phellandrene, 16. limonene, 19. cineol, 24. C8-aldehyde, 29. C9 aldehyde, 35. C10-aldehyde, 39. linalool, 40. linalyl acetate, 45. b-caryophyllene, 55. borneol, 57. citral-a, 73. geraniol, 97. eugenol
Physical and Chemical Constants
| |
Food Chem. Codex (USA) |
A.G. Mathew |
| Specific gravity at 250C |
0.871-0.882 |
0.871 (300C) |
| Refractive index at 200C |
1.4880-1:4940 |
1.4863 (300C) |
| Optical rotation at 250C |
-280 to -450 |
-400 40 (300C) |
Chemical Components
a-pinene, camphene, phellendrene, mycene, cineol, methythe-ptenone, borneol, linalool, citra, C10 and Ca-aldehydes, a-and b-zingib, one, a-curcumene, farnesene, sesquiterpene alcohol.
The pungent principles of giner are gingerol and shogaol.
T. Kami, M. Nakayama and S. Hayashi** have studied the low boiling constituents from the rhizome of Zingiber officinabe Roscoe by gas chromatography.
The identification of peaks was carried out by camparing the retention time with authentic sample. In order to obtain further support for above assignment, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone, 3,5-dintrobenzoat, mercuric complex and hydroxamic acid derivatives were prepared, and they were analyzed directly or after being regenerated by TLC. GLC and combined GLC-MS.
Cardamom Oil
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation from the seed of the perennial herb, Elettaria cardamomum Moton (Fam. Zingiberaceae). It is a colourless or very pale yellow liquid with the aromatic, penetrating and somewhat camphoraceous odour of cardamom, and a pungent, strongly aromatic taste.
The main producing area of cardamom is India, although smaller crops are produced in Ceylon, Laos and Guatemala and more recently in EI Salvador. The oil is used mostly in the flavouring of meat and bakery products. A small portion is also used in perfumery, pharmaceuticals and liqueurs.
Foreign names: Cardamome (Fr.) Kardamom (Ger.), Cardamomo (Sp.), Cardamomo (It.)
Physical and Chemical Constants
| |
Food Chem. Codex (USA) |
Constantes Analytiques des. Huiless Essentielles |
| Specific gravity at 250C |
0.917-0.947 |
0.919-0.936 (200C) |
| Refractive index at 200C |
1.4630-1.4660 |
1.4620-1.4680 |
| Optical rotation at 250C |
-1.220 to +440 |
-2200 to 1.410 |
| Solubility |
1:5 in 70% EtOH |
|
| Acid value |
|
[3[/TD][/TR] |
| Ester value |
|
92 to 150 |
Chemical Components
The principal components of the essential oil are cineol (26 to 40%), a-terpinyl acetate (28 to 34%) limonene (2 to 14%) and sabinene (3 to 5%) with numerous other minor components such as linalool, a-terpineol, linalyl acetate, geraniol, nerol, methyl heptanone and borneol.
Fig. 64.1 Chromatogram of Cardamom Oil
5. a-pinene, 8. b-pinene, 10. phellandrene, 12. limonene, 13. cineol, 16. p-cymene, 29. linalool, 31. linalyl acetate, 38. g-terpineol, 46. a-terpineol, 47. terpinyl acetate, 49. neryl acetate, 52. geraryl acetate, 58. geraniol.
Calamus Oil
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation from the dried rhizomes of Acorus calamus Linne (Fam. Araceae). It is a yellow-brownish liquid, having a warm, camphor-like odour and a sharp, burning taste.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial plant, grown in Europe. Asia, primarily in India and North America with European plants yielding the best quality of oil.
A higher yield can be obtained from the Japanese plant, but the oil has a harsher and less pleasant odour than the European oil.
The rhizomes are used in medicine.
The oil is used both in flavour and perfumery. It is no longer permitted for use in food under U.S. law. (1968).
Foreign names: Calamus (Fr.) Kalmus (Ger.) Calamo (Sp.) Calamo (It.)
Physical and Chemical Constants
Fig. 65.1 Mass Spectrum of Terpinyl Acetate
| |
E.O.A No. 101 (USA) |
| Specific gravity at 250C |
0.940-0.980 |
| Refractive index at 200C |
1.5010-1.5160 (European-type)1.5500-1.5525 (Indian-type) |
| Optical rotation at 250C |
-1.50 to 1.350 (European-type) |
| Solubility |
Soluble in 5 vol. of 90% EtOH,sometime turbidity. |
| Acid value |
Not more than 4 for both type. |
| Ester value |
3 to 20 for both type. |
Fig. 65.2 Chromatogram of Calamus Oil
6. a-pinene, 7. camphene, 8. b-pinene, 11. cineol, 14. p-cymene, 23. camphor, 26. linalool, 31. terpineol-4, 32. b-caryophyllene, 46. a-terpineol, 78. methyl eugenol, 91. methyl isoeugenol (cis), 97. eugenol, 101. methyl isoeugenol (trans)? 105. isoeugenol, 122. b-asarone, 140. asarone
Citronella Oil
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation from the freshly cut or partially dried herb of Cymbopogan winterlanus Jowitt (Fam. Gramineae), Mahapengiri, (Java citronella) or Cymbopogan nardus Rendle, Lenabatu, (Ceyton Citronella).
The Java citronella oil is a clear, mobile, light yellow to brownish liquid, having a pronounced aldehyde odour. The Ceylon oils is a pale yellow to yellowish brown liquid, having a characteristic-like odour. The Java type of citronella oil is one of the most important essential oils, and is a chief source for the isolation of citronellal, and geraniol. It is commericially produced mainly in China (Hainan island), Formosa, Guatemala, Honduras, Java and Malaya. The oil is higher priced and used in perfumery, toiletry, and also as a raw material for geraniol.
The Ceylon oil is lower priced and consumed in lower grades of soap, spray, desinfecteants, polishes, etc.
Foreign names: Citronelle (Fr.) Citronel (Ger.), (Sp.), Citronella (It.)
Physical and Chemical Constants
[p align=center]E.O.A (USA) No. 14
| |
Citronellia Oil, Java |
Citronellia Oil, Ceylon |
| Specific gravity at 250C |
0.877-0.893 |
0.898-0190 |
| |
Refractive index at 200C |
1.4660-1.4730 |
1.4790-1.4850 |
| Optical rotation at 250C |
-00 300 to -60 |
-90 to 180 |
| Solubility |
1:2 in 80% EtOH |
1:1-2 in 80% EtOH |
| Aldehyde content(calcultate as citronellal) |
Not less than 35% |
7% to 15% |
| Total alcohol |
Not less than 85% |
55% to 65% |
Fig. 66.1 Chromatogram of Cironella Oil
6. a-pinene, 9. myrcene, 11. limonene, 15. p-cymene, 24. citronellal, 30. linalool, 32. linalyl acetate, 44. citronellyl acetate, 48. borneol, 51. carvone? 54. geranyl acetate, 55. citronellel, 58. nerol, 60. geraniol, 75. eugenol, 84. isoeugenol.
Chemical Components
The Javanese/Formaran oils contain the following important constituents:
Citronellal 32-45%
Geraniol 12-18%
Citronellol 11-15%
Geranyl acetate 3-8%
Citronellyl acetate 2-4%
Other seaquiterpencs: a-cetane, cubehene, calaminene, bourbonene, bisaotene, various compounds: eugenol, methyl eugenol, isoplegol, nerol, linalool, citral, methyl heptenone myrcene, a-pinene.
Lemongrass Oil
The volatile oil is obtained by steam distillation from the freshly cut or partially, dried herb of Cymbopogan citratus DC (West Indian Oil) or Cymbopogan flexuosus (Nees.) Stapf. (East Indian Oil). (Fam. Gramineae).
The oil of East Indian lemongrass is a dark-yellow to reddish-brown liquid, having a characteristic, sharp, pungent, lemon-like odour. The plant grows in Eastern India, Cambodia, Singapore, and Ceylon. The oil is the most important essential oil for the source of citral, which is a starting material for the preparation of ionone. The oil is also used in low cost perfumes, for soap and other laundry products.
Foreign names: Lemongrass (Fr.) Lemongrass (Gr.) Lemongrass (Sp.), Lemongrass (It.)
] 
Fig. 67.1 Mass Spectrum of Citral a (Geranial)
Fig. 67.2 Chromatogram of Lemongrass Oil
3. myrcene, 7. limonene, 16. C9-aldehyde, 21. citronellal, 22. C10-aldehyde, 26. linalool, 38. citral-b, 41. citral, 44. geranyl acetate, 45. citronellol, 47. nerol, 51. geraniol.
Physical and Chemical Constants
[p align=center]E.O.A (USA) No.7
| |
East Indian Oil |
West Indian Oil |
| Specific gravity at 250C |
0.894 0.904 |
0.869-0.894 |
| Refractive at 250C |
1.4830-1.4890 |
1.4830-1.4890 (200C) |
| Optical rotation at 250C |
-30 to + 10 |
-30 to + 10 |
| Solubility at 250C |
Soluble in 2 to 3 |
Yields cloudy solutions in 70, 80 |
| |
vol. of 70% EtOH |
90 and 95% EtOH |
The major component is citral (at least 75%).
Other components are methyl heptenone, limonene, dipentene, geraniol, linalool, citronellol, isocitral and decanal.
In the spectrum recorded of sample of oil from Guatemala (Spectrum 67.1) the bands due to citral predominant and can be easily identified (Table 67.1). The band at 1720 cm-1 is attributed to the C-O stretching vibration of the methyl heptenone.
Myrcene is detected by the weak band at 1599 cm-1 and the intensity increase at 990 cm-1 (citral band). Bands at 3090 and 895 cm-1 are common with limonene, also a component of this essential oil but are not convenient for identification.
The assigment of the broad band at 3490 cm-1 is difficult. The alcohol given in the literature as components of this oil is geraniol and linalool but their most characteristic bands are not revealed in the spectrum. In a sample of spoiled citral, bands at 3490 cm-1 and 700 cm-1 are shown, the latter also being found in the studied lemongrass oil. This fact may indicate that these bands were caused by oxida-tion.
Table 67.1 Oil of Lemongrass
| cm-1 |
Component |
| 3490 |
alcohols or oxidation products |
| 3340 |
citral |
| 3090 |
limonene + myrcene |
| 3030 |
citral |
| 2970 |
citral |
| 2924 |
citral |
| 2890 |
citral |
| 2860 |
citral |
| 2763 |
citral |
| 2730 |
citral |
| 2240 |
citral |
| 1720 |
methyl heptenone |
Spec. 67.1 Lemongrass Oil, Guatemala
Vetiver Oil
The oil is obtained by steam distillation of the washed, sun dried root and rhizome of the herbaceous plant Vetiveria zizanoides Staps (Fam. Gramineae) which grows wild or is cultivated in Southern India, Indonesia, Ceylon, Philippines, East Africa, and Central America. Reunion Island, Java, Haiti, and southern India are the most important places of cultivation.
The oil is a viscous, light brown to dark brown liquid having a characteristic sweet, earthy, woody odour.
Vetiver oil is one of the most valuable and important essential oils and is extensively used as a raw material in perfumery. Foreign names: Vetiver (Fr.) Vetiver (Ger.) Vertiver (Sp.), Vetiver (It).
Physical and Chemical Constants
| |
Constantes Analytiques des Vetiver Hourbon |
Huiles Essentiellosb Vetiver Java |
| Specific gravity at 200C |
0.986-1.011 |
0.985-to 1.5280 |
| Refractive index at 200C |
1.5210-1.5300 |
1.5210- to 1.5280 |
| Optical rotation at 200C |
+ 140 100 to + 250 |
+ 170 300 to + 460 |
| Solubility |
1:1-2 in 80% EtOH |
Generally insoluble in 80% to 85% EtOH, soluble in 0.5 to 2 vol. of 90% EtOH |
| Acid value |
4.5 to 36 |
10 to 30 |
| Ester value |
120 to 145 |
117 to 147 |
Chemical Components
The main constituents are b-vetivone, a-vetivone, vetivenol, tricyclovetivenol, vetivene, tricyclovetvene, vetivetryl esters, acids, and benzoic acid.
Most of the infrared bands are probably due to vetiverol Bands due to a and b-vetivone and a and b-isovetivene3a can also be recognised in the spectra of the samples studied.
The broad absorption at 3400 cm-1 and the band at 1030 cm-1 allow the evaluation of alcohols. In this case, the 1030 cm-1 band is characteristic of vetiverol.
The bands at 1715 to 1720 cm-1 due to carbonyl compounds may be orginated by esters. The bands at 1662 and 1620 cm-1 are due to vetivone. Other components of vetiver oil also absorb in the 1640 to 1670 cm-1 region.
Fig. 68.1 Chromatogram of Vetiver Oil
4. a-pinene, 8. limonene, 11. citronellal, 13. C11-aldehyde, 17. linalyl acetate, 31. b-terpineol 51. geraniol 77. neryl acetate 77. neryl acetate 90. eugenol 122. coumarin
Spec. 68.1 Oil of Vetiver, Bourbon I
Spec. 69.2 Oil of Vetiver, Bourbon II
Spec. 69.3 Oil of Vetiver, Bourbon III
