The Complete Technology Book on

Pesticides, Insecticides, Fungicides

and

Herbicides (Agrochemicals)

with Formulae, Manufacturing Process, Machinery & Equipment Details

CONTENTS

1.       AGROCHEMICALS

1.1            Introduction

1.2            Classifications

1.3            Benefits

1.4            Effects

1.5            Needs and Precautions

2.       MANAGEMENT   OF   AGRO-CHEMICALS   FOR   IMPROVED PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

2.1            Introduction

2.2            A Strategy for Better Agrochemical Management and Use Implementing the Strategy as a Whole

2.2.1          Multilevel Response

2.2.2          Nine Regional Projects for Implementation

2.3            Using Agro-Chemical Management in a Coordinated Way

2.4            Implementing GAP and Other Good Practice Codes of

Conduct

2.5            Informing Management Decisions

2.5.1          Public Health Monitoring

2.5.2          Environmental Monitoring

2.5.3          Further Research

2.6            Supporting Improved Agro-Chemical Use and Management

2.6.1          Sustainable Financing

2.6.2          Communication and Education

2.6.3          Capacity Building

2.7            Strategy Implementation

3.       AGROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

3.1            Diverse Changes Indicate a Continuously Evolving Industry

3.1.1          Longer Product Development Cycles and Escalating Costs

3.1.2          Increasing Stringency of Regulatory Requirements

3.1.3          Government Farm Subsidy Reduction

3.1.4          The Accelerated Pace of Change within and in Adjacent Markets

3.2            Current Performance and Strategy of Nurturing the Growth

Momentum

3.2.1          Leveraging M&A to Optimize Portfolio and Extend Geographical Presence

3.2.2          Focusing on Innovation and R&D to Develop and Commercialize New Products

3.2.3          Bolstering Product Offerings with Digital Technologies to Enhance the Firm-Farmer Engagement

3.3            Opportunities and Challenges in Agrochemicals Today

3.4            Strategic Positioning Uncertainty and Opportunity

3.4.1          Business Strategy & Growth

3.4.2          Digital Transformation

3.4.3          Governance and Board

3.4.4          Innovation

3.4.5          Marketing & Sales

3.4.6          Private Enterprise

3.5            Strategic Positioning Required in a Future That is Uncertain but Full of Opportunities

3.5.1          Capturing Value from Increasing Interest in Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Precision Farming

3.5.2          Taking Advantage of Asset-Light Business Model and Achieving Innovation Success

3.5.3          Recognizing Long-Term Opportunities that Masquerade as Challenges

3.6            The Future of Agrochemicals: Capturing Value

4.       AGROCHEMICALS MANUFACTURING

4.1            Dispersing and Deagglomeration

4.1.1          Dispersion into Liquids

4.2            Dispersion of Nanomaterials (Nanoparticles)

4.2.1          Dispersion of Nanoparticles

4.2.2          Dispersing and Size Reduction of Nanomaterials

4.3            Emulsifying

4.3.1          Stabilizing Emulsifiers

4.3.2          Devices for Efficient Emulsification

4.4            Ultrasonic Dissolving of Solids in Liquids

4.5            Sonochemical Reaction and Synthesis

4.6            Phase Transfer Catalysis

4.7            Agrochemical Formulations

4.8            Processing

4.8.1          Drying

4.8.2          Milling

4.8.3          Blending

4.8.4          Agglomeration

5.       AGROCHEMICAL TESTING

5.1            Testing Technology

5.2            Methods of Analysis for Pesticide Residues

5.3            Methods for Testing Agricultural Chemical Residues in Food

5.3.1          Validation Procedure

(1) Selectivity

(2) Trueness

(3) Precision

(4) Limit of Quantification

5.4            Method Validation and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed

5.5            Sampling, Transport, Processing and Storage of Samples

5.5.1          Sampling

5.5.2          Laboratory Sample Transportation

5.5.3          Sample Preparation and Processing Prior to Analysis

5.5.4          Identity, Purity, and Storage of Standards

5.5.5          Preparation and Storage of Stock Standards

5.5.6          Preparation, Use and Storage of Working Standards

5.6            Testing and Replacement of Standards

5.6.1          Extraction and Concentration

5.6.2          Extraction Conditions and Efficiency

5.6.3          Extract Concentration and Dilution to Volume

5.7            Contamination and Interference

5.7.1          Contamination

5.7.2          Interference

5.8            Analytical Calibration, Representative Analytes, Matrix Effects and Chromatographic Integration

5.8.1          General Requirements

5.8.2          Calibration

5.9            Representative Analytes

5.10        Matrix Effects and Matrix-Matched Calibration

5.11        Standard Addition

5.12        Effects of Pesticide Mixtures on Calibration

5.12.1       Calibration for Pesticides that are Mixtures of Isomers

5.12.2       Calibration using Derivatives or Degradation Products

5.12.3       Chromatographic Integration

5.13        Analytical Method Validation and Performance Criteria

5.13.1       Qualitative Screening Methods

•       On-going Performance Verification during Routine Analysis

5.13.2       Quantitative Methods

5.13.3       Initial Method Validation

•       On-going Performance Verification (Routine Recovery Determination)

5.13.4       Methods for Determination of Fat or Dry Weight Content

5.13.5       Proficiency Testing and Analysis of Reference Materials

5.14        Agrochemicals Solutions Technology

5.14.1       Spectrum 3 MIR/NIR/FIR Spectrometer

5.14.2       Max ICP-OES Scott/Cross-Flow Configuration

5.14.3       Gas Chromatography (GC)

5.15        Agrochemicals Testing Solutions

5.15.1       Atomic Spectroscopy

•       Atomic Absorption (AA)

•       Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES & ICP-AES) Instruments

•       Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Instruments

•       Mercury Analysis Systems

•       Microwave Systems

5.15.2       Chromatography

•       Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)

•       Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS & LC/MS/MS)

•       Liquid Chromatography

•       Discover the LC 300 HPLC and UHPLC Systems

5.15.3       Molecular Spectroscopy

•       Infrared Spectroscopy

•       Fluorescence Spectroscopy

•       Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy

•       FT-IR Microscopy & Imaging Systems

5.15.4       Thermal Analysis

•       Thermogravimetry (TGA)

•       Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

•       Mechanical Analysis (DMA & TMA)

•       Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA

6.       PACKAGING OF AGROCHEMICALS

6.1            Selection of Packaging Types

6.1.1          Selection of Packaging Materials for Solid Formulations

6.1.2          Selection of Packaging Materials for Liquid Formulations

6.1.3          Plastics

6.1.4          Metal

6.1.5          Glass

6.2            Specifications

6.3            Packaging Instructions

6.4            Closures

6.4.1          Prevention of Leakage

6.4.2          Tamper Evidence

6.4.3          Closure Diameter - Liquid Products

6.4.4          Dispensing Liquid Products from Packs Designed for Pouring

6.5            Labelling

6.6            Shelf Life

6.7            Pack Design With Regard to Easy Rinsing and Disposal

6.8            Types of Secondary Packaging

6.8.1          Unit Cartons

6.8.2          Combination with Primary Pack

6.8.3          Methods for Protection of Unit Loads

7.       REGISTER A PESTICIDE BUSINESS (PESTICIDE LICENSE)

7.1            Procedure

7.2            Required Documents

7.3            Eligibility

7.4            Validity

8.       PESTICIDE REGISTRATION PROCESS-EPA (UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY)

8.1            Risk Assessments to Analyses the Potential for Harm

8.2            The Evaluation Process

8.3            Federal Pesticide Laws

8.4            The Pesticide Label

8.5            Compliance and Enforcement

9.       HOW TO START PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS

10.   PESTICIDES

10.1        How do Pesticides “Work”?

10.1.1       Organophosphates

10.1.2       Organochlorines (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons)

10.1.3       Carbamates and Thiocarbamates

10.1.4       Pyrethroids (Synthetic)

10.2        Types of Pesticides

10.3        Chemical Pesticides

10.4        Biopesticides

10.5        Benefits of Pesticides

10.6        Classification of Pesticides

10.7        Pesticide Formulations

10.8        Pesticides Modes of Action

10.8.1       Insecticides

10.8.2       Fungicides

10.8.3       Herbicides

10.9        Pesticide Behavior in the Environment

10.9.1       Pesticide Degradation

10.9.2       Pesticide Migration

•       Sorption

•       Leaching

•       Spray Drift

•       Volatilization

•       Surface Runoff

11.   APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES

11.1        Choice of Chemicals (Insecticides)

11.2        Timing of Pesticide Application

11.2.1       Stage of Development of Pests

11.2.2       The Growth Stage of the Crop

11.2.3       The Development Stage of Natural Enemies and Activity of Honey Bees

11.2.4       The Severity of Damage or Infestation

11.2.5       The Type of Weather and the Time of Day

11.2.6       Pre-Harvest Interval

12.   PRODUCTION OF PESTICIDES

12.1        Raw Materials

12.2        The Manufacturing Process

12.2.1       Synthesizing the Pesticide

12.2.2       Formulating the Pesticide

12.2.3       Diluting the Pesticide

12.2.4       Applying the Pesticide

13.   PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT

13.1        Dusters

13.1.1       Hand Operated Dusters

13.1.2       Plunger Tube Dusters

13.1.3       Hand Crank Dusters

13.1.4       Foot Pump Dusters

13.1.5       Power Dusters

13.1.6       Electric Motor Powered Dusters

13.1.7       Gasoline Motor Powered Dusters

13.1.8       Air Pressure Dusters

13.2        Sprayers

13.2.1       Hand Operated Sprayers Flit Gun

13.2.2       Small Hydraulic Sprayer

13.2.3       Compressed Air Sprayers

13.2.4       Electric or Gasoline-Operated Sprayers (Powered Spraying)

•       Tanks

•       Pumps

a)     Piston Pump

b)     Centrifugal Pumps

c)      Roller Pumps

d)     Internal and External Gear Pumps

e)     Diaphragm Pump

f)      Flexible Impeder Pump

g)     Vane Pump

•       Hoses

•       Nozzles

•       Strainers

•       Valves

•       Pressure Regulators

•       Agitators

13.2.5       Gas Generating Sprayers

13.2.6       Granular Applicators

13.2.7       Brush Application

13.2.8       Fumigant Injection

13.2.9       Spot Treatment

13.2.10    Crack and Crevice Treatment

13.2.11    U.L.V.

13.2.12    Soil Injection

13.2.13    Sub-Slab Injection

14.   PLANT LAYOUT   DESCRIPTION   OF   PESTICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS

15.   ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

15.1        Role of Manufacturers

15.1.1       Development and Packaging

15.1.2       Advertising and Marketing of Agrochemicals

15.2        Role of Government Agencies

15.2.1       Product Registration

15.2.2       Promulgating Regulations

15.2.3       Provisions for Enforcement and Advisory Services

15.2.4       International Exchange of Information

15.3        Role of Retailers

15.4        Role of Employers and Their Organizations

15.5        Role of Workers and Their Organizations

15.6        Role of the Public

16.   PESTICIDE MIXTURES

16.1        Introduction

16.2        Benefits Associated with Pesticide Mixtures

16.3        Concerns Associated with Pesticide Mixtures

16.4        Pesticide Mixtures and Resistance Mitigation

16.5        Pesticide Mixtures and Natural Enemies

17.   PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

17.1        Type

17.2        Formulation Process

17.2.1       Sorption

17.2.2       Solution

17.2.3       Suspension

17.2.4       Emulsion

17.3        Formulation Selection Considerations

17.3.1       Applicator Safety

17.3.2       Environmental Concerns

17.3.3       Pest Biology

17.3.4       Available Equipment

17.3.5       Surfaces to be Protected

17.3.6       Cost

17.4        Common Pesticide Formulations

17.4.1       Solid Formulations

17.4.2       Dusts

17.4.3. Granules

17.4.4     Pellets

•       Wettable Powders

•       Dry Flowables

•       Soluble Powders

17.5        Liquid Formulations

18.   VARIOUS METHODS IN PESTICIDE

FORMULATION ANALYSIS

18.1        Titrimetry

18.2        Types of Titrations

18.2.1       Some Redox Titrations are Named after the Reagent

•       Permanganate Titrations

•       Dichromate Titrations

18.2.2       Iodimetric Titrations also are Redox Titrations

18.3        Preparation of Standard Solutions

18.3.1       Preparation of 0.1N Silver Nitrate

18.3.2       Preparation of 0.1N Potassium Thiocyanate

18.3.3       Preparation of 0.1N Sodium Thiosulphate Solution

18.3.4       Preparation of 0.1N Iodine

18.3.5       Preparation of 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide

18.3.6       Preparation of 0.1N Hydrochloric Acid

18.4        Carbofuran

18.5        Captan

18.6        Dicofol

18.7        Copper Compounds

18.8        Dithiocarbamates

18.9        Tridemorph

18.10     Phorate

18.11     Sulphur

18.12     Aluminium Phosphide

18.13     Zinc Phosphide

19.   PESTICIDES DILUTED

19.1        Mixing Soluble and Wettable Powders

19.2        Mixing Liquid Formulations

19.3        Mixing Concentrates for Air Blast Sprayers or Mist Blowers

20.   DISPERSION AND GRINDING OF PESTICIDES

21.   PESTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

21.1        Pesticides in the Environment

21.1.1       Sources of Contamination

21.1.2         Sensitive Areas

21.1.3         Pesticide Movement

a)     Air

b)     Particles and Droplets

c)      Vapors

d)     Water

e)     On or in Objects, Plants, or Animals

21.1.4         Harmful Effects on Non Target Plants and Animals

1)     Harmful Effects from Direct Contact

2)     Harmful Effects from Residues

3)     Harmful Effects on Surfaces

21.2        Protecting the Environment

21.2.1       Protecting Groundwater

1.      Sources of Groundwater

2.      Pesticide Contamination of Groundwater

A.     Practices for Pesticide Users

•       Water on the Treated Surface

•       Rain

•       Irrigation

•       Pesticide Factors

•       Soil Factors

•       Geology

B.     Protection of Endangered Species

•       Limitations on Pesticide Use

•       Habitats of Endangered Species

•       Importance of Protecting Endangered Species

a.      Agriculture

b.      Medicine

c.      Preserving Choices

d.      Interdependence

e.      Natural Balance

f.       Stability

22.   DISTRIBUTION ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN

SOIL AND GROUNDWATER

22.1        Materials and Methods

22.1.1       Research Area Description

22.1.2       Sample Collection

22.1.3       Sample Preparation

22.1.4       Analysis Methods

22.2        Physical-Chemical Properties of Soil Profile in Farmlands

22.2.1       Physical-Chemical Indexes

22.2.2       Profile Textures

23.   PESTICIDES IN EXPORT AND DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE

23.1        Conceptual Revisions for More Controlled Comparisons

23.1.1       Comparing Different Crop Types to Explain the Effects of Markets

23.1.2       Assuming Low and Homogenous Pesticide use on National Market Crops

23.1.3       Assuming Ever-Increasing Pesticide use in Export Production

23.2        Methods

23.2.1       Study Site

23.2.2       Farmer Survey

23.2.3       Complementary Methods

24.   BOTANICAL PESTICIDES: A POTENTIAL PLANT

PROTECTION TOOL

24.1        Introduction

24.2        Chemical Composition

24.2.1       Essential Oil Components

24.2.2       Isothiocyanates and Glucosinolates Glucosinolates (GLSs)

24.2.3       Cyanogenic Glycosides

24.2.4       Alkaloids

24.2.5       Phenolics – Flavonoids

24.2.6       Polyacetylenes & Polythienyls

24.2.7       Pyrethrum

24.2.8       Organic Acids

24.2.9       Others

24.3        Greek Plants as a Source of Botanical Pesticides

24.3.1       Bacteria, Fungi & Terpenes

24.3.2       Insects & Terpens

24.3.3       Nematodes & Terpenes

24.3.4       Nematodes & Limonoids

24.4        Current Trend and Future Prospective

25.   DIFFUSION   CONTROLLED   PESTICIDE   RELEASE FORMULATIONS: EFFECTIVE CONSIDERATIONS

25.1        Introduction

25.2        Diffusion Model Development

25.3        Polydisperse Capsule Size Distribution

25.4        Microcapsule Clustering

25.5        Experimental

25.5.1       Microcapsule Construction

25.5.2       Visualization System for Microcapsule Clustering

25.6        Theoretical

25.6.1       Microcapsules Transport via Convective Patterns from Sessile Drop Evaporation

25.7        Coupling Capsule Clustering with Pesticide Release Rate

26.   FORMULA OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF PESTICIDE MICRO EMULSION

26.1        Introduction

26.2        Experimental Section

26.2.1       Materials

26.2.2       Construction of Pseudo-Ternary Phase Diagram

26.2.3       Arrangement of Orthogonal Experiment

26.3        Results and Discussion

26.3.1       Selection of Formula Components

26.3.2       Choice of the Best Phase Diagram

26.3.3       The Research of Physical Stability

27.   PROCESSING OF MICROBIAL PESTICIDES

27.1        The Importance of Microbial Pesticides

27.2        Production and Commercialization of Pathogens

27.2.1       Steps Leading to Commercialization

27.2.2       Process Development and Production

27.2.3       Organism Storage

27.2.4       Fermentation Method

25.3     Theoretical Background of Industrial Processing in Biotechnology

27.3.1       Laboratory Processing

27.3.2       Cleanliness and Safety

27.3.3       Preparation of Dilution

27.4        Dilution Plate Counting and Distribution of Bacteria

27.4.1       Pure Culture Techniques Tube transfers

27.4.2       Pure Culture

27.4.3       Preparation and Testing of Culture Media

27.4.4       Sterilization

27.4.5       Steam Sterilization

27.4.6       Flaming

27.4.7       Hot Air

27.4.8       Preservation of Strains

27.4.9       Elaboration of a Processing

27.4.10    Laboratory Scale

27.4.11    Small Scale Production

27.4.12    Problems of Contamination of Microbial Processes

27.4.13    Sterility of Microbial Process

27.4.14    Sensitivity of Microbial Processes to and Protection against Contamination

27.4.15    Pilot-Plant-Fermenters

28.   SPRAYING PESTICIDES SAFELY IN GREENHOUSES: A NEW TECHNIQUE

28.1        Introduction

28.2        Greenhouse Spraying Requirements

28.3        Design of the New System

28.4        Fog Generation

28.4.1       Atomizer Nozzles

a.      Internal Mix Model

b.      External Mix Model

c.      Jet Impact Model

28.4.2       Experimental Tests on Nozzles

28.4.3       Numerical Simulation of Leaf Spraying

28.4.4       Experimental Tests with Various Crops

28.4.5       Test Parameters and Results

28.5        Defined Volume

28.6        Fixed Covering Prototypes

28.6.1       First Fixed-Covering Prototype

28.6.2       Second Prototype with a Fixed Covering

28.7        Prototype with Retractable Covering (DeVoPeS)

28.8        DeVoPeS Work Cycle

28.9        Greenhouse Testing

29.   GREEN PESTICIDES FOR ORGANIC FARMING: OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR USE IN PEST

CONTROL

29.1        Plants and Essential Oils

29.1.1       Technology of Using Eucalyptus Oil

29.1.2       Aromatherapy

29.2        Essential Oil Pharmacological Properties

29.2.1       Antiseptic

29.2.2       Expectorant and Diuretic

29.2.3       Spasmolytic and Sedative

29.2.4       Other Related Properties

29.3        Pesticidal Properties

30.   REGULATED SOCS: PESTICIDES, COMMON TRADE NAMES, AND RELATED CHEMICALS................................................................................................................ 373

31.   HOW TO START AN INSECTICIDE INDUSTRY............................... 376

31.1        Steps

31.1.1       Understand the Industry

31.2        Conduct Market Research and Feasibility Studies

31.2.1       Demographics and Psychographics

31.3        Decide Which Niche to Concentrate on

31.4        Economic Analysis

31.5        Decide Whether to Buy a Franchise or Start from Scratch

31.6        Know the Possible Threats and Challenges Will Face

31.7        Choose the Most Suitable Legal Entity (LLC, C Corp, S Corp)

31.8        Choose a Catchy Business Name

31.9        Discuss with an Agent to Know the Best Insurance Policies

31.10     Protect Intellectual Property with Trademark, Copyrights,

and Patents

31.11     Get the Necessary Professional Certification

31.12     Get the Necessary Legal Documents Need to Operate

31.13     Raise the Needed Startup Capital

31.14     Choose a Suitable Location for Business

31.15     Hire Employees for Technical and Manpower Needs

31.16     Write a Marketing Plan Packed with Ideas & Strategies

31.17     Develop Strategies to Boost Brand Awareness and Create a Corporate Identity

32.   INSECTICIDES

32.1        Type of Activity

32.1.1       Systemic Insecticides

32.1.2       Contact Insecticides

32.1.3       Ingested

33.   REGULATIONS

34.   INSECTICIDE FORMULATIONS

34.1        Types

34.1.1       Dusts

34.1.2       Wettable Powders (WPs) or Water Dispersible Powders (WDP)

34.1.3       Emulsifiable Concentrates (ECs) or( E)

34.1.4       Suspension Concentrates (SCs) or Flowables

34.1.5       Water Soluble Powder (SPs)

34.1.6       Solutions(S)

34.1.7       Granules (G)

34.1.8       Water Dispersible Granules (WGs)

34.1.9       Ultra-low-Volume (ULV) Formulations

34.1.10    Aerosols

34.1.11    Controlled Release (CR) Formulations

34.1.12    Baits

34.2        The Non-Insecticidal Ingredients of Formulations

34.2.1       Solvents

34.2.2       Diluents

34.2.3       Surfactants

34.3        Insecticide Application Equipment

a.  Sprayers

b.  Dusters

c.  Granular Applicator

35.   LIST OF INSECTICIDE

36.   PRODUCT HARVESTING AND FORMULATION OF MICROBIAL INSECTICIDES

36.1        Product Harvesting

36.2        Formulation

36.2.1       Oil Suspension Formulation

36.2.2       Dusts or Wettable Powder

36.2.3       Suspension Concentrates (SC)

36.3        Processing

36.3.1       Function of the Surfactants

36.3.2       Wetting

36.3.3       Milling Aid

36.3.4       Stabilization

36.3.5       Milling Conditions

36.4        Suggested Evaluation Techique of Flowables

•     Test of Mechanical Stability

•     Suspensibility

•     Storage Stability

•     Viscosity

•     Bloom

•     Biological Activity

36.5        Evaluation of Separation Process “Recovery”

37.   PLANT LAYOUT DESCRIPTION OF INSECTICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS

38.   HOW TO START FUNGICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS...... 439

39.   FUNGICIDE

39.1        Types

39.2        Mode of Action

39.3        Type of Chemical

39.4        Resistance

39.5        Fungicide Resistance Management

40.   PLANT LAYOUT DESCRIPTION OF FUNGICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS

41.   HOW TO START HERBICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS........ 451

42.   HERBICIDE

42.1        Application

42.2        Selectivity

42.3        Translocation

42.4        Mode-of-Action

42.5        Growth Regulator Herbicides

42.6        Photosynthesis Inhibitors

42.7        Pigment Inhibitors

42.8        Seedling Growth Inhibitors

42.9        Cell Membrane Disruptors and Organic Arsenicals

42.10     Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors

42.11     Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

42.12     Other Herbicides that Inhibit Amino Acid Synthesis

43.   FORMULATIONS OF HERBICIDE

43.1        The Foundation of Formulations

43.2        Types

43.2.1       Solutions (Water Soluble Concentrate and Soluble Powder)

43.2.2       Emulsions (Emulsifiable Concentrate)

43.2.3       Dry Material Suspensions (Wettable Powders, Dry Flowables, Water Dispersible Granules/Powders)

43.2.4       Granules

44.   PLANT LAYOUT DESCRIPTION   OF   HERBICIDE MANUFACTURING BUSINESS

45.   PESTS OF THE GREENHOUSE

45.1        Insect Anatomy

45.2        Insect Damage

45.3        Sucking Insects and Their Damage

45.4        Insects with Sponging Mouthparts

45.5        Siphoning Insects

45.6        Chewing Lapping Insects

45.7        Life Cycle Development or Metamorphosis

•     Gradual Metamorphosis

•     Complete Metamorphosis

45.8        Insect Pests

45.8.1       Aphids